Punters’ losses into Hawthorn’s poker machines last financial year totalled $24 million.Credit:Scott Barbour Gambling leaves me with mixed feelings. It's fun and it has had a certain place in Australia, historically and nostalgically, and is present now in evolving ways, here and worldwide.
Most species of Crataegus (hawthorn) have red fruit, others can have black or purple fruit, and some have yellow or orange fruit.
European and Asian species[edit]
- C. azarolus, fruit yellow, orange-yellowish, or red
- C. ×bornmuelleri, fruit yellowish, orange, or red
- C. cuneata, fruit can be red or yellow, native to China
- C. ferganensis
- C. kansuensis
- C. laevigata cultivar 'François Rigaud'
- C. orientalis var. pojarkovae
- C. ×pseudoazarolus, fruit orange to almost black
- C. pycnoloba, immature red fruit ripen to largely yellow
- C. scabrifolia, fruit can be red or yellow
- C. ×tianshanica
- C. tkatschenkoi (syn: C. trilobata V.I.Tkachenko, nom. illeg.)
- C. russanovii
- C. zarrei, dark orange fruit
American species[edit]
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- C. albicera, series Crus-galli[1]
- C. ambigens, series Silvicolae, fruit 'greenish-yellow becoming dark purplish-red'[1]
- C. amica, series Flavae, fruit 'orange blotched with red'[1]
- C. amplifica, series Pruinosae, fruit 'light yellowish green to dark russet'[1]
- C. anisophylla, series Flavae, fruit orange or orange and red[1]
- C. angulata, series Pruinosae, fruit 'light yellowish green becoming dark purplish-red'[1]
- C. annosa, series Apricae, fruit yellow or orange, with red[2]
- C. aprica series Apricae, fruit ripen through a yellow or orange phase before changing to red
- C. arenicola, series Uniflorae, fruit 'orange or orange-red'[1]
- C. arta, series Crus-galli, fruit yellow-green and orange-red[1]
- C. attrita, series Flavae, fruit 'yellow splashed with red'[1]
- C. audens, series Flavae, fruit 'orange-yellow flushed with red'[1]
- C. aurescens, Series Madrenses[3]
- C. austrina, series Pulcherrimae, fruit yellow-green or orange[1]
- C. berberifolia, series Crus-galli, fruit orange or reddish[1]
- C. biltmoreana, series Intricatae, fruit green, yellow, or orange
- C. bisulcata, series Uniflorae[1]
- C. boothiana, series Tenuifoliae, fruit bright orange[1]
- C. boyntonii, series Intricatae, fruit 'yellow-green flushed with red'
- C. calva, series Flavae, fruit yellow or orange-red[1]
- C. chrysocarpa, series Rotundifoliae, fruit ripen through a yellow or orange phase before ripening to red
- C. condigna, series Flavae, fruit 'red or orange and greenish'[1]
- C. contrita, series Pulcherrimae, fruit green or greenish yellow[1]
- C. cornellii, series Intricatae[1]
- C. crocea, series Flavae, fruit 'yellow to russet-red'[1]
- C. crocina, series Crus-galli[1]
- C. croomeana, series Uniflorae,[1]
- C. crus-galli, series Crus-galli, rare forms have yellow fruit,[4]
- C. cullasagensis, series Flavae, fruit 'dark orange, mottled with orange-red and crimson'[1]
- C. dapsilis, series Flavae, fruit 'yellow or orange and red'[1]
- C. darlingtoniana, series Intricatae[1]
- C. definita, series Intricatae, fruit green or greenish yellow[1]
- C. delosii, series Intricatae, fruit orange tinged with red[1]
- C. diversifolia, series Intricatae, fruit orange[1]
- C. dodgei, series Rotundifoliae, fruit 'dull crimson or orange'[1]
- C. dolosa, series Flavae[1]
- C. earlei, series Uniflorae[1]
- C. edura, series Crus-galli[1]
- C. egens, series Flavae, fruit 'orange-red or orange and red'[1]
- C. egglestonii, fruit 'orange becoming crimson'[1]
- C. flava, series Intricatae, fruit dull orange, a rare species whose name is rarely used correctly
- C. flavida, series Intricatae[1]
- C. fortunata, series Intricatae[1]
- C. furtiva, series Flavae, fruit 'orange or orange and red'[1]
- C. galbana, series Apricae, fruit orange to red[2]
- C. geniculata, series Flavae, fruit 'lemon-yellow or orange mottled with red'[1]
- C. gilva, series Intricatae[1]
- C. glabrata, series Macracanthae, fruit 'crimson blotched with yellow'[1]
- C. gracilior, series Crus-galli[3][5]
- C. harveyana, series Intricatae, fruit orange[1]
- C. ignava, series Apricae[2]
- C. illudens, series Flavae[1]
- C. incaedua, series Punctatae, fruit 'yellowish red'[1]
- C. incana, series Flavae, fruit 'orange-yellow or orange and red'[1]
- C. infesta, series Crus-galli[1]
- C. inopina, series Flavae, fruit 'yellow or orange-yellow and red'[1]
- C. inops, series Flavae, fruit 'orange or orange and red'[1]
- C. intricata, series Intricatae
- C. kelloggii, series Molles[1]
- C. lacrimata, series Flavae, fruit yellow or orange and red'[1]
- C. lecta, series Pruinosae, fruit 'light yellow-green becoming red'[1]
- C. leimonia, series Silvicolae, fruit 'orange-red blotched with yellow-green'[1]
- C. leonensis, series Apricae, fruit orange-red to russet, or blotched with green[2]
- C. lepida, series Flavae, fruit orange or orange-red[1]
- C. luteola, series Intricatae[1]
- C. margaretta, series Rotundifoliae, fruit 'reddish or orange'[1]
- C. meridiana, series Flavae, fruit 'orange, yellow, or yellow flushed with red'[1]
- C. mexicana, series Mexicanae
- C. minutiflora, series Intricatae, fruit 'dull orange or orange and green'[1]
- C. mira, series Apricae, fruit orange to red[2]
- C. modesta, series Intricatae, fruit 'bright yellow or orange-red'[1]
- C. neofluvialis, series Macracanthae, fruit 'greenish orange or flushed with red'[1]
- C. opaca, some cultivars
- C. padifolia, series Intricatae, fruit 'yellow flushed with pink, usually pink'[1]
- C. pallens, series Intricatae[1]
- C. panda, series Flavae, fruit 'orange-red or orange tinged with red'[1]
- C. peckii, series Intricatae, fruit 'light yellow-green or red tinged'[1]
- C. peramoena, series Macracanthae, fruit 'light scarlet blotched with yellow'[1]
- C. pertomentosa, series Macracanthae, fruit 'red or yellowish, becoming dark red'[1]
- C. pulcherrima, series Pulcherrimae, fruit yellow-green[1]
- C. pulla, series Flavae, fruit 'orange-yellow flushed with red'[1]
- C. punctata var. aurea, series Punctatae
- C. quaesila, series Flavae, fruit red and orange[1]
- C. radina, series Silvicolae, fruit 'yellow-green to dark purplish-red'[1]
- C. raleighensis, series Uniflorae[1]
- C. rhodella, series Uniflorae, fruit orange and red[1]
- C. rimosa, series Flavae, fruit 'yellow or orange-yellow and red'[1]
- C. riparia, series Silvicolae, fruit orange-yellow[1]
- C. rosei subsp. parryana, series Crus-galli, fruit bright yellow[3][5]
- C. sargentii, series Intricatae[1]
- C. segnis, series Apricae, fruit orange to red[2]
- C. sicca, series Pruinosae[1]
- C. siderea, series Tenuifoliae, fruit yellow-green[1]
- C. sinistra, series Crus-galli, fruit reddish, green, or yellow[1]
- C. smithii, series Uniflorae, fruit orange[1]
- C. sororia, series Flavae, fruit red or red and yellow[1]
- C. stonei, series Intricatae, fruit 'light yellow or greenish-yellow'[1]
- C. straminea, series Intricatae, fruit yellowish green[1]
- C. stratfordensis, series Macracanthae, fruit 'greenish yellow mottled with crimson'[1]
- C. structilis, series Macracanthae, fruit 'orange or reddish-orange'[1]
- C. subflavida (possibly the same as C. ignava[2])
- C. taetrica, series Tenuifoliae, fruit scarlet-yellow[1]
- C. tetrica, series Crus-galli, fruit yellow-green[1]
- C. tenax, series Punctatae, fruit 'scarlet or mottled with yellow or olive'[1]
- C. torta, series Pruinosae, fruit 'light yellow or russet green'[1]
- C. tripartita, series Virides, fruit yellow-green[1]
- C. villicarpa, series Intricatae, fruit 'orange-yellow or tinged with red'[1]
- C. uniflora, series Uniflorae[1]
- C. vailiae, series Macracanthae, fruit 'yellowish-green becoming red'[1]
- C. versuta, series Flavae, fruit 'orange or greenish-yellow and red'[1]
- C. viburnifolia, series Molles[1]
- C. vicana, series Flavae, fruit 'yellow or orange blotched with red'[1]
- C. vicenda, series Flavae, fruit 'yellow or flushed with red'[1]
- C. villaris, series Flavae, fruit 'yellow or orange-yellow flushed with red'[1]
- C. virella, series Pruinosae, fruit 'yellowish green blotched with pink, olive, or russet'[1]
- C. visenda, series Apricae, fruit orange to red[2]
- C. vivida, series Coccineae, fruit 'dull orange-red blotched with yellow'[1]
See also[edit]
Sources[edit]
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrPalmer, E.J. (1925). Synopsis of North American Crataegi. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 6(1-2): 5–128. [1]
- ^ abcdefghPhipps, J.B.; Dvorsky, K.A. (2007). Review of Crataegus series Apricae, ser. nov., and C. flava (Rosaceae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 1(1): 171–202.
- ^ abcPhipps, J.B. 1997. Monograph of Northern Mexican Crataegus (Rosaceae, subfam. Maloideae). Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A.
- ^Phipps, J.B., O’Kennon, R.J., Lance, R.W. (2003). Hawthorns and medlars. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, U.K. ISBN0-88192-591-8ISBN9780881925913
- ^ abPhipps, J.B.; Robertson, K.R.; Smith, P.G.; Rohrer, J.R. (1990). A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany. 68(10): 2209–2269.
- Christensen, K.I. 1992. Revision of Crataegus sect. Crataegus and nothosect. Crataeguineae (Rosaceae-Maloideae) in the Old World. Systematic Botany Monographs 35: 1–199.
- Phipps, J.B., and Dvorsky, K.A. 2008. A taxonomic revision of Crataegus series Lacrimatae (Rosaceae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(2): 1101–1162.
The best-known herb for the heart in western herbalism is hawthorn, which is a small tree or shrub that grows throughout the northern hemisphere. The fruits, flowers, and leaves are processed into tinctures and other kinds of extracts available in capsules or tablets in the U.S. and other parts of the world.
Hawthorn Pokies Revenue
The comely hawthorn is a dense tree with small, sharp thorns growing to 25 feet. It has small white flowers with rose-like petals and bright red berries containing one or two large seeds. Hawthorns are native to Europe, North America and Asia.
Dioscorides, the most reliable of the ancient authors on plant medicines, called Crataegus “Oxuakantha”, which was retained by Linnaeus in the name C. oxyacantha, an old name for C. laevigata. Although many botanical and herbal writers from the 15th through the 17th centuries took this plant to be a kind of Crataegus, Parkinson (1640) determined that it was likely a Pyracantha–common ornamental shrubs with small red berries. It is listed as C. pyracantha in Gunther’s edition of Dioscorides (1933). The genus Pyracantha, is not particularly lauded for its healing properties. Galen’s “Oxyacanthus” is also certainly a Pyracantha, Pyrus (pear) or Mespilus (medlar). The latter three genera are closely allied and until the 17th century were likely to be poorly distinguished from Crataegus (Parkinson).
Gerard (1633), one of the best-known of the Renaissance herbalists, called hawthorn oxyacanthus, white thorne, or hawthorn tree. The latter two, and the name “May-Bush,” are still common in England. In Germany hawthorn is now called weifdorn, while in France it is referred to as l’epine noble (the noble thorn) because it was supposedly used for Christ’s crown of thorns.
In both the East and West, hawthorn has been used for millennia as both a food and a medicine. The current use of hawthorn for heart conditions dates back to the 17th century, according to the French doctor, Leclerc. Green, an Irish doctor, is known to have used it extensively—though secretly—for heart ailments. After his death in 1894, his daughter revealed the famous cure to be a tincture of the ripe berries of Crataegusoxycanthus. In Europe, both homeopathic and allopathic doctors used the herb for various heart and cardiovascular ailments from the late 19th through the early 20th centuries—and with great clinical success. Hawthorn had entered American clinical practice by 1896—only to fade from use in the 1930s.
Over the centuries legends about hawthorn have abounded in England and Europe. The poets, too, have sung its praises, as in Chaucer’s phrase:
Marke the faire blooming of the Hawthorne tree
Who finely cloathed in a robe of white,
Fills full the wanton eye with May’s delight.
Goldsmith, in his “Deserted Village,” penned these well-known lines:
The Hawthorn-bush with seats beneath the shade,
For talking age and whispering lovers made.
Assmann, a German homeopathic doctor from the late 1800s, said the following regarding hawthorn’s use as a cardiac medicine:
Crataegus is no panacea, but for the handling of chronic illness, it is much more suitable than digitalis [foxglove] and strophanthus, because it has no unpleasant side-effects and no cumulative effects. Its success can be achieved if the tincture of the fresh ripe fruit in a suitable dose (3X daily 10-20 drops after meals) is prescribed.
Today, hawthorn is an official drug in the Pharmacopoeias of Brazil, China, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Russia, and Switzerland. As a measure of its lasting popularity, it is an ingredient of 213 commercial European herbal formulas, which are mostly for the treatment of heart and cardiovascular ailments.
I have a special affection for this herb, because it helped my father strengthen his heart and significantly increase the quality of his circulation. Twenty-six years ago he had a heart attack and has been taking hawthorn in extract form for over 15 years with excellent results.
The extract of hawthorn can increase blood flow to the heart muscle itself, helping to counteract one of the most common modern causes of death in industrial countries—heart attack due to lack of blood flow to the heart. In pharmacological tests on both animals and humans, hawthorn has been shown to improve the contractility of the heart muscle (which can lead to a stronger pumping action of the heart), increase cardiac performance and output, lower the peripheral vascular resistance (reducing the workload of the heart), steady the heartbeat (antiarrhythmic effect), as well as increasing the heart’s tolerance to oxygen deficiency, such as might happen during stress or excitement, or in diseases where the arteries are partially blocked.
In Europe, thousands of doctors prescribe hawthorn to prevent cardiovascular disease or to help alleviate symptoms of mild to moderate problems. It is considered so safe that it is sometimes prescribed concurrently with heart medications such as digitalis. Hawthorn is also considered a mildly calming herb for the nervous system—an appropriate bonus considering that stress and nervousness often accompany cardiovascular problems.
In my own experience, it is the first herb, besides garlic, that should be added to one’s daily dietary regimen when there is any suspicion of problems of cardiovascular disease. If one has a family member who has heart or vascular problems, or for people eating a diet that includes moderate to high levels of fat (especially from dairy products or red meat), or who are stressed or using stimulants (such as coffee), hawthorn is an excellent protector.
Initially, hawthorn berries were the only part of the plant used in making extracts but eventually the flowers and leaves were added, as they were shown to have significant concentrations of the active flavonoids as well. The extract can be taken long-term, is very safe, and will not interfere with any medications, according to the official European Community monograph (ESCOP) on hawthorn. The daily dose is 2-4 droppersful of the tincture, or 1-2 tablets of the standardized extract, morning and evening.
Since the late 19th century, hawthorn has been used successfully for various diseases of the cardiovascular system, including angina pectoris, functional heart disease, arrhythmia, early manifestations of circulatory insufficiency of advanced age, and as a heart tonic to regulate circulation.
One of hawthorn’s primary applications is to support the effect of digitalis and to serve as a substitute where digitalis cannot be tolerated or where side effects need to be avoided (Madaus).
One view of the scope of hawthorn’s application is represented by this excerpt from a recent German monograph drafted by Commission E:
- reduction in heart function (NYHA stages I or II)
- uneasiness and oppressed feeling of the heart
- not yet digitalized heart (not taking digoxin)
- light forms of bradycardic arrythmia
Hawthorn works slowly, like all herbal tonics. It should be taken for at least 3 months, up to several years or longer, if needed. It is safe to use concurrently with allopathic drugs such as digoxin and may even allow a person to reduce the dose of this commonly prescribed, but highly toxic medicine.
Hawthorne Pocket Watch
With long-term use, hawthorn can safely help to strengthen and nourish the heart. Here is a summary of the important clinical effects of hawthorn:
- It dilates the arteries that supply the heart muscle itself with blood, oxygen, and fuel, providing a better supply of these essential nutrients. This results, with continued use, in a stronger, more efficient heart beat.
- It acts as a powerful free-radical scavenger, protecting the heart against the harmful effects of lessened oxygen—a common result of vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis.
- It can help steady the heartbeat, if it is irregular and does not lead to dependence.
- It has mild sedative activity, which may be useful where mild heart disease is combined with nervousness, hypochondria, etc., in which case it can be combined with lavender or lemon balm.
In this modern age with its times of stress and anxiety, it is reassuring that nature has provided such a gentle yet effective cardiovascular protector as hawthorn.